LALI THAWNTHUA KHAWTLANG NUNPHUNG BIHCHIANNA

 

LALI THAWNTHUA KHAWTLANG NUNPHUNG BIHCHIANNA

(A study of Sociological Aspect in L. Biakliana’s Short Story-Lali)

-V. Lalberkhawpuimawia

 

1. Thuhmahruai:  

Literature leh mihring nun hi inkungkaih reng a ni a, mihring nuna darthlalang lian tak min chhawp chhuah saktu a ni. Miin a suangtuahna ram a\anga thu leh hla a ziah chhuah hian thuneihna sang tak nei ni mah se mihring nun nena a kal hlat lutuk erawh chuan a ngaihnawmna emaw a hlutna a sang mawh viau thei. Chutiang kawngah chuan kan thu leh hla neihte hian mimal leh hnam nun a la kalpui \ha thawkhat viau chuan a hriat a, amaherawhchu suangtuahna hmanga din thawnthu, a taka thleng thei miah lo tura ngaih tam takte pawh khawvel hlut a nih mek zel avangin hetiang lamah pawh Mizo thu leh hla a \han zel a rinawm.

L. Biakliana thawnthu tawi, Lali hi Mizo khawtlang nun leh mihring mihrinna mual a\angin teh dan chi hrang hrang hmangin bihchian kan tum dawn a. He thil innghahna atan hian literary criticism thlirna peng pakhat Sociological approaches chu innghahnaah kan hmang ber a nga, chumi piahlam leh a ken telte pawh a huam thei bawk ang.

2. Sociological Criticism awmzia:

            Sociology tih thumal hi Cambridge Dictionary chuan mihring nunphung zirna tiin a hrilhfiah a. Thu leh hla thlitfimna (criticism) mualah chuan thu leh hla huanga mihring nunphung leh khawsakna te, ei leh bar zawnna leh khawtlang inkaihhruaina thlenga zirna a ni ber. Hei bakah hian a ziaktuin a hunlai khawtlang nun a thlir dan bakah a thil tarlan tum chu eng angin nge a dinchhuah tihte pawh a lang bawk. Khawtlang nunah literature chuan engtin nge nghawng a neih tihte leh literature chuan khawtlang nunah nghawng a nei dan zirchianna a ni ber.

            Catherine Wishart chuan “Sociological critics in a tarlan tum ber chu thu leh hla huanga an hunlai ei leh bar dinhmun lo lang te, an inkaihhruaina leh mipui sukthlek bakah nunphunga thil thlengte chiang takin a tarlang \hin.” (Winshart 3) tiin a sawi bawk. Wilbur Scot chuan,

Sociological criticism hi thuziak leh vantlang nun inkungkaih dan chhuina a nih avangin a pawimawh hle a, chuti anga thil chhuina chuan thuziak mawina leh hlutna tak a kha a kheh chhuahtir \hin. Thuziak mawi reng reng hi eng mah lo mai maia innghata ziak a ni lo va, a ziaktu pawhin ama duh ang zawng zawnga ziak ngawt lovin a hun lai leh hmuna chengten vantlang nunphung nena inmil turin a ziak \hin a; mite thil hriat duh tak emaw an mamawh tak emaw a ziak \hin. Chuvangin sociological critic-te thil chhuina chu vantlang nun leh a hual veltu boruak leh a kaihhnawih thil tinrengte hriat theihna hmanraw \angkai tak a ni \hin a. Chu chu thuziaktu kutchhuak tihlu bertu pawh a ni \hin.”(qtd. in Vannghaka 392,393)

Sociological criticism hi Kenenth Burke-a lehkhabu “Literature as Equipment for Living” tih kum zabi 20 na hunlaia a tihchhuah a\anga hman \an niin an sawi a; Communism vawrhchhuaktu Karl Marx leh Friedrich Engels te ngaihdan zula an duan Marxism Criticism leh Feminism theory te pawh he ngaihdan zula lo chhuak niin an sawi bawk.

3. Lali thawnthu

            Lali thawnthu hi Mizo thawnthu phuah thar kan neih hmasa a ni a, thawnthu tawi (short story) kan tih huang chhunga awm a ni. Kum 1937- ah L.Biakliana ziak, “Mizoram thawnthu inziaksiak hmasa ber \uma thupui Mizo hmeichhe chan tarlang chiangtu ber, lawman pakhatna dawngtu a ni.” (Khiangte 28) He thawnthu hi nula pakhat, a thawnthu hming kengtu Lali chanchin a ni ber a. Lali nun behchhan hian an chhungkaw zia te, nula tlangval inhmangaihna te, hmeichhiate dinhmun leh kohhran dinhmun te hi kan hmuh langsarte an ni.

3.1 Lali thawnthu hunlai chhuina (Social Setting) 

Lali thawnthu innghana hun hi a ziah hunlai, kum 1935-1940 vel kha niin a lang. Hei hi a thawnthu behchhanin i lo chhui zui dawn teh ang. He thawnthu bung hmasa berah chuan, “An awmna khua chu Kristian khua tih ni mahse, Lali pa chu a luhlul pawl a ni ang chu, putar tlem a zawng nen hian an awih ve duh tlat lo mai a.” (161) tih kan hmu a. Religion Data of Census 2011: XXVIII Northeast tih a\anga a landan chuan kum 1931 chhiarpuiah chuan Mizoram pumah mihring 1,24,404 an awm a, chutah chuan Kristian 59,123 an awm a, za zela 47.52 awm ang a chhut a ni; 1941 chhiarpuiah erawh 64.21% lai a ni thung.  Hetiang hi a nih chuan Mizoramah hian a tam zawk Kristian an la ni lo tihna a ni a, khaw \henkhat erawh Kristian khua tia chhiar tur an awm nual tawh bawkin a rinawm.

Hei bakah hian Lali chu Sunday school-ah junior pawl zirtirtu a nih thu kan hmu bawk a. Pu Buanga leh Sap Upa Mizorama an lo thlen hnuah kum 1895, October ni 2 a\angin mumal taka kalpui a ni a.  Kum 1931-a Sunday School Conference neiah khan Sunday school naupangte chu hmun hnihah \hen an ni a, kum 9 hnuai lam leh kum 9 chunglam tiin. Hei hi kum 1934 thleng khan an la hmang a, an thuzirte pawh a in ang a, hmun \henkhatah pawl \henhrante pawh a awm tho niin Miss Kathie Hughes reports-ah chuan a lang. Kum 1936 a\angin ram pumah inang tlanga naupangte pawl siam rem leh hming hi pawm a ni a.  Primary, Junior leh Intermediate pawlah te \hen an ni a. “Zoram pumah kum 1942 a\anga 1954 inkar khan Beginner leh Senior Department te chu \hen darh a, hman leh a ni.”(Lalzama, 117) He thil a\anga a lan dan chuan kum 1936 hnulamah chuan Junior pawl hi a awm tawh ngei tih a lang.

He thawnthua a changtu pawimawh pathum- Lali, Thanmawii leh Biakmawia chu Sunday school zirtirtu an ni a, Lali leh Mawia hi junior pawl zirtirtu an ni a, Lali \hiannu Thani pawh Primary pawl zirtirtu a ni tih kan hmu bawk. Heng mite thu khawchang leh an inbuatsaihna kan hmuh a\angte hian ziak leh chhiar an thiam tawk ngei niin a lang bawk. Kum 1931 chhiarpuiah hian Mizoramah ziak leh chhiar thiam hi mihring za zelah mi sawm vel chauh (10.77%) an la awm a, kum 1941-ah erawh chuan 19.48% an ni tawh. Lali hi an khaw nula changkang pawl ni ngeiin a lang, ziak leh chiar a thiam vek tawh tlat! “Ziak leh chhiar hi Sunday school-ah hian kum 1930 bawr vel thleng kha chu an la zir ber a ni a, thingthlang hmun thenkhatah erawh chun 1940 bawr vel pawhin an la zir a ni” (107) Chuvangin, he thawnthu hunlaia an thupui zir leh chang zirte hi an hunlai nena han hmehbelin ziak leh chhiar thiam kawngah chuan pen hnih khatin a pen hma hlek niin a lang. Chutih rual chuan anni pawh hian Sunday school a\anga ziak leh chhiar hi thiam an nih ve mai hmel bawk.

3.2 : A hunlai nunphung (Social Standards)

            Lali thawnthu hi kan sawi tawh angin kum 1935 hnulam niin a lang a, an nuna langsar ber chu kristianna hi niin a lang a; chutih rualin Mizo nunhlui tam tak a hunlai mil kan hmu nual bawk a. B. Lalthangliana chuan kum 1920-1940 inkar hi thu leh hla mai bakah Mizo khawtlang nunphungah pawh “Mizoram hun nawm lai ber leh mipui hlim rual lai ber a tih theih a. Kum khuaa an tawn leh tawh ngai loh tur ‘hun rangkachak (golden period) tia vuah hial tham a tling.” (Lalthangliana 168) niin a sawi. Lalte chu British sawrkar awpna hnuaiah an awm tawh a, mipui nunphung a zalen a, indo leh inrun a awm tawh loh avangte leh eizawnna pakhat hnuaia an kun hunlai a nih avangin he thawnthu hunlai hi hun pawimawh tak a ni.

Hmanlai Mizo thlalak

He thawnthu hunlai hi Zoram pum huapa harhna thlen \um lina kan hriat kha heng hunlaia thleng hi a ni bawk.

Harhna \um lina thlen hun sawi dan hi a inang lo nual a ni. HE Carter leh HS Luaia te chuan 1926-a thleng angin an sawi a… V.L Siama chuan kum 1930-ah khawchhak lam a\anga rawn in\an… JM Lloyd chuan kum 1933-a thlengin a sawi a, 1937 thlengin harhna chuan hna thawkin a sawi. Saiaithanga chuan kum 1935-ah Biate khua thlengin a sawi thung a ni. Lalsawma chuan 1930-ah thlengin a sawi…

A thlen hun bi kan thliah dawn chuan kum 1930 a\angin harhna chuan khawimaw laiah chuan in\anin lang mah sela ram pumin ‘harhna a lo thleng leh ta’ an tih kum chu 1935 kha niin a lang. (Lalchhuanliana 139)

            He harhna \um lina hi Zoram tual\o kohhran lo pianna langsar tak a ni bawk a, chutih rual chuan kohhran nghet tawh pawhin kohhran humhalhna kawngah theihtawp a chhuah a, harhna chan chungchangah pawh an fimkhur hle. Chuvang chuan kohhran rorelna lamah leh Bawrhsap lam a\ang pawh hetih hunlai hian harhna chungchang thu chhuah a tam hle reng a ni. Welsh Mission hnuaia kohhran puipate indaih lohna puih tura an ruat Kohhran Kantute khan kohhran hrang hrang tlawhin rawngbawlna an nei nasa hle bawk.

            He thawnthuah pawh hian Lali te khuaah hian mikhual pakhat thusawi kan hmu a, hei hian Lali mai bakah an khaw pumin an hlut hle tih kan hmu bawk a. A thusawi pawh an hlawkpui a, Lali pawhin a pa a ngaihtuahna a tizual a, a rilru chhungrilah hna a thawk lian hle tih a lang. Inkhawm pawh Lali hian a ngaipawimawh hle a, mi dangte pawh a vei hle tih kan hmu bawk.

            He thawnthua a changtu pawimawh Biakmawia leh a \hian pahnih Mana leh Liana (191) te chu Lalite inah an riak tih kan hmu a. Hmanlai Mizo tlangvalte kha Zawlbuka riak \hin anni tih kan hria a, an inah an riak ngai meuh lo. Zawlbuk hi “kum 1925 bawr velah chuan Zoram pumah tawp lam a pan ta a” (Lalthangliana 182), hei hian Mizo tlangval tam tak a tibaihvai hlein a rinawm. Hun lo kal zelah tlangval \henkhat \hian \hate inah emaw, tute emaw ina riah khawm mai an ching niin a lang a. He thawnthuah pawh hian Biakmawia te \hian zaho pawh hi Lali te inah riak a, Lali te tan pawh an \angkai hle tih kan hmu bawk. He thil hi he thawnthua an hunlai nunphung kan hmuh langsar a ni bawk a. Chutih rual chuan sawi leh hria an awm nual rualin ziaka hmuh tur- thawnthuah emaw thuziak dangah chuan a vâng viau thung.

3.3 : Mipui thil ngaihhlut (Social values):

He thawnthu a\ang hian an hunlaia an thil ngaihhlut tam tak kan hmuh rualin an duh loh thilte pawh kan hmu tel bawk. He thawnthua an ngaihhlut ber chu kristianna a ni a, chu chu a changtute khawhawi leh a tawpna pawhin a tarlan tum a ni.

Hei bakah hian khawtlanga mi awmthei deuhte chu an ngaihlu viau niin a lang a, sum leh pai dinhmun a hniam avangin sum an ngaihlu hle tih pawh he thawnthu a\ang hian a lang bawk. Lali chu Rozika’n a lo biak “hma pawhin betu chu a nei bawk \hin na a, kan sawi tawh bawk sum thu-hla avangin an hnar tawh \hin a”. (Khiangte 172) Hei hian Lali chu nula to tak a nihzia a lantir rualin sum chu hmeichhe manah pawh an en ber a ni tih a lang. Lali lo betu Rozika kha an khaw mi \ha fapa a ni a, a pa pawhin a duh chhan chu an neih sum vang a ni tih kan hmu a. Lali pu Mânga ngei pawhin, “Neih nuam tak a ni ang, fapa mal lehnghal si, an hausakna te saw i ta vek tur nia mawle” (173) tih thu a sawi a, he thilah hian nupui pasal zawn dâwna an thil ngaihtuah lian ber chu a lang chiang hle. Hei hi hnam tam tak kalphung, tunlai hun thleng pawha mihring nuna bet ve pakhat chu a ni.

Kum 1850 chhova Communism lo larchhuahna Karl Marx a theory dungzuia duan Marxism literary concept-ah chuan a hunlaia mipui rilru sukthlekin ram inrelbawlna, nun leh eibar zawnna thleng nghawng a neih dante a chhuizui ber a. MS Nagaragan chuan “Marxism kan tih hian huam zau tak a thuziak thlirna economy lam te, history lam te, society leh revolution thleng pawhin a huam thei a. A tlangpuiin khawtlang dinhmun hrang hrang tarlan leh a nghawng chhuah bihchiahnna a ni” (qtd. in Laldinmawia 285) tiin a sawi a. Hetiang deuh hian he thawnthu hunlaia an ngaihhlut - sum hian a changtute nunah pawh nghawng lian tak a nei a. Dinhmun chhe zawka awmten dinhmun sang an awhna leh chumi kawnga an beihnaah chuan khua an hmu lo duh viau reng a ni. Hei tak hi he thawnthuaah buaina lo siamtu leh an khawtlang nunphung tarlang chiangtu a ni bawk.

He thawnthu lo pian chhan a lang, “Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun” hian Mizo nunphunga hmeichhe chan a tarlante hi he thawnthu innghana laimu tih thei hial a ni. Hmeichhe pawimawhna a lansarh viau laiin an dinhmun (status) erawh a hniam hle tih kan hmu. Lali leh a nu hi he thawnthua hmeichhe dinhmun lanchianna ber an ni awm e. He thawnthu ziaktu hian hmeichhe nun chep tak tarlan nan a bak thil dang hi chu a hmang mai niin a lang bawk. Bawi nena tehkhinna kan hmuh te, Mipa chu mei vilah pawh an beisei lo hrim hrim tih kan hmuh a\angte pawh hian mipa leh hmeichhe inkar thui tak a lang thei awm e. Kum 1913 kum bul lama Mizorama lo chhuak Herbert Anderson chuan, “Khua han luh phat a\anga thil lang chiangsa em em chu Lusei hmeichhiate hi phurrit phurtu an nihna hi a ni” (Anderson 27) tihialin Mizo hmeichhe dinhmun a hmuhte a ziak a, hnam dang thlirna hian a tichiang viau. Hmeichhe dinhmun chungchang hi chu thupui hrana chai tham a nih avangin kan sawi thui lo mai ang.

Tun dinhmun thleng pawh hian Mizote hi mikhual chunga \hat chhuah hi kan inzirtir ber a ni fo. Mikhual kan hmuh dan hrim hrim pawh hi a dang deuh \hin niin a lang. Lali thawnthua thuhriltu mikhual kan hmuh pawh hi Lali te khua pawh hian an ngaihlu hle tih kan hmu a, mikhual thusawi dawn zan chuan “inkhawm pawh an \ha hle mai” (169). Hemi hma chiaha Mana leh a \hiante Lali’n a zilhnaah thu kal zelah hian “Kohhran upate zilhaunate hi chu runluih hi an chinzia a ni zawk mah si a” (…) tih kan hmu bawk a. Mahni khawtual thil ngaihlutna kan nei nep viau a, hmun dang emaw midang a\anga chhuak a nih chuan kan hmuh leh thlir dan a tidanglam nasa hle tih a tilang thei bawk ang.

Lali thawnthu mipui sukthlek kan hmuh langsar tak pakhat chu zu hi a ni bawk. Lali pa chu zu ngawlvei a nih thu leh zu a ruih tawh chuan chhungte tan harsatna siamtu a ni \hin tih kan hmu a. Tin, Lali ngei pawhin Mana te zuin a zilhnaah chuan “Hetiang zawng an ti tawh reng reng ngai lo. Pathian thu awih lo leh mi sual tih dan a ni ngai. Zu in mi in nih chuan tlangval bawlhlawh tak, dawizep inla ni mai ang… Hman zana Pathian kohhran ata an hnawhchhuahte pawh kha in hre reng alawm…” (168) a ti a, hei hian a ziaktuin zu a hmuh dan mai bakah a hunlaia zuin khawtlang a tihbuai dan a lantir awm e. “Pathian kohhran” tih pawh hian kohhran an ngaihhlutna a tichiang viau a, kohhran leh zu chu he thu a\ang pawh hian Biakliana thlir dan chiang takin a lang awm e.

He thawnthu tawp kharna thu, “Setanan ro a relna tawhah chuan a do hmeichhiate chan hi a hrehawmin a chau em em fo va. Mahse Krista chanchin \ha hian an bawi tanna chu a tan tirtu hneh hmasain a rawn chhuah tir zel \hin a ni.”(186) He thu hi ngun taka zirin Setana leh zu chu dinhmun khatah a dah kan ti thei ang, zu chu setana hmanrua a ni a, a tuartu tan a tawrhhlehawm hle tih a changtute dinhmunah hian kan hmu thei.

4. Tlipna:

            L. Biakliana hi a dam chhung sei lo mah se, Lali thawnthua a thuken hian a hunlaia khawtlang nuna a vei tarlang a, a siam \hatna kawng leh siam \hat ngaite kan hmu tel bawk. Tun dinhmun a\anga thlir phei chuan danglamna a thleng nasa hle. A hunlai nunphung leh nihna phawk chhuakin mihring nun darthlalang a rawn chhawp a, hun lo kal zel turah Mizote nunphung hlui hriatna atan pawh thil pawimawh tak a nih a rinawm. Literature chu “phuahchawp thawnthu emaw suangtuahna hlimthla emaw pawh nise, mihringte nunphung perhsana tarlan a nih chuan a tak tak a ang lo kan ti a, a hlutna a tlahniam \hin” (Laldinmawi 8) tih ang deuh hian Lali nun a\ang hian kum 1935 chhova Mizo nula pakhat dinhmun chiang takin kan hmu a, chumi phenah chuan mipui sukthlek lian tak kan hmu thei bawk. Zofate tana Hawilopar min hnuchiahtu L. Biakliana hian hawilopar min thliah san tawh mah se a Zofate thu leh hla khawvelah hian hriat a ni reng tawh ang.

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Works Cited

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4.      Lalzama, Dr. Mizo Language and Literature, Emergence and Development (Contribution of Christian Missionaries from 1897-1947). KL Offset Printer, MG Road Aizawl. 2017. Print

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8.      Anderson, Herbert. Among the Lushais. [Trans-Rev Raltawnga], Baptist Literature Service, Serkawn. 2016. Print

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